Komatsu Outlines a 5×5 Model for Advancing Construction Autonomy

The framework highlights the gap between machine-level automation and overall site digitalisation, urging the industry to evolve on both fronts.

Automatic machines are a growing trend in the global construction and mining sectors. While full autonomy is not yet a widespread reality, significant progress is being made. Major companies are increasing investments in this area, expecting a broader rollout from 2026.

Komatsu is one of the manufacturers focusing on this transition. The company is developing solutions that integrate machine automation with digital site management. Its Smart Construction offering brings together connected equipment, 3D data, and real-time monitoring tools to support coordination, improve productivity, and streamline operations across different stages of a project.

“Despite advances in machine autonomy, construction sites themselves are often not yet considered in a connected, holistic way. Decisions on-site remain largely reactive because machine data is often trapped within individual controllers or brand-specific platforms. To advance true autonomy, this data must be aggregated into a central, independent digital model that works across machines, brands and levels of autonomy.”

Komatsu experts explain. Digital twins are central to this transformation, as well as AI, drones, robotics and advanced analytics.

Komatsu uses what it calls a 5×5 framework to illustrate the path toward digitalisation in construction. In this model, the horizontal axis represents the level of autonomous machine operation, from basic assistance (level 1) to full autonomous decision‑making (level 5). The vertical axis represents site optimisation, from basic 3D design data (level 1) to fully optimised, automated construction planning (level 5).

The point of the framework is to show that machines with high autonomy are often deployed on sites that lack process maturity, limiting their impact. Komatsu argues that progress on both axes, machine autonomy and site‑wide digital optimisation, is needed for meaningful gains in productivity and efficiency.

The mining industry has already demonstrated the potential of this approach, and, from 2026, construction is expected to start applying similar lessons.

Experience from underground operations shows that autonomy delivers real benefits only when machines operate as part of a connected ecosystem, not in isolation. Success depends not just on machine capabilities, but on a holistic understanding of the entire site. By integrating digital twins, advanced analytics, drones, AI and robotics, companies can build a digital framework that supports better decisions, improves productivity, and reduces operational risks.

Komatsu Outlines a 5×5 Model for Advancing Construction Autonomy published on The HeavyQuip Magazine.